Overview of Georgia

Profile

Georgia is located at a strategic junction in the South Caucasus where various civilizations have intersected as an east-west trade route node since ancient times. It adopted Christianity as state religion in the 4th century, nurturing unique Georgian script and church architecture, with winemaking continuing for 8,000 years utilizing warm climate. Modern era experienced Russian Empire and Soviet rule before gaining independence in 1991. Currently advocates European integration while facing complex challenges including multiethnic society, separatist territories, and relations with Russia, advancing economic diversification centered on tourism, IT, and wine exports.

Official name: Georgia
Common name: Georgia
Numeric code: 268
Alpha-3 code: GEO
Alpha-2 code: GE
Population: Approximately 3.7 million (2024)
Population density: Approximately 56 people/km2
Primary languages: Georgian
Major religions: Georgian Orthodox Church
National anthem: "Tavisupleba" (Hymn of Freedom)
Calling code: +995
Internet TLD: .ge

History

From ancient Colchis and Iberia kingdoms through medieval golden age and Soviet membership to independence in 1991.

Originating from 6th century BC Colchis and Iberia kingdoms, accepting Christianity in 4th century. 12th century Queen Tamar period saw Georgian Kingdom golden age dominating Transcaucasus region. Subsequently fragmented amid Mongol-Timurid invasions and Ottoman-Persian rivalry. Entered Russian protection in 1783, annexed by early 19th century. Brief independence in 1918 but Red Army invaded in 1921, becoming Soviet constituent republic. Following Perestroika ethnic movements, independence restored April 9, 1991. While navigating Abkhazia and South Ossetia issues and 2008 Russia-Georgia War, European-oriented reforms and democratization continue.

Geography & climate

Greater Caucasus Mountains over 4000m to north, Lesser Caucasus Mountains to south with central Likhi Range dividing east-west. West features humid plains along Black Sea coast, east features steppe-like Kartli Plain and valleys.

Western humid subtropical, eastern temperate continental

Area: Europe/Asia boundary / 69700 km²
Capital: Tbilisi
Largest city: Tbilisi
Coastal status: Yes
Bordering countries: Russia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Turkey

Natural resources

Manganese ore, Copper ore, Limestone, Forests, Hydropower resources, Hot spring water, Fertile agricultural soil, Abundant grape varieties, Marble, Clay, Gold, Lead-zinc ore, Tourism landscapes, Medicinal herbs

Politics

Government: Republic adopting parliamentary system

Economy

Currency: Georgian Lari (GEL)

GDP (nominal): 24 billion USD (2023)

GDP (PPP): 71.3 billion USD (2023)

Language & timezone

Primary languages: Georgian

Time zone: Georgia Time

Culture & customs

Ethnic groups

Georgians, Azerbaijanis, Armenians, Russians, Ossetians, Abkhazians, Yazidis, Greeks, Udis

Life expectancy

73.1 years

Literacy rate

99.7%

National sports

Wrestling, Rugby union, Football, Judo, Weightlifting, Basketball